Designing For Screen Readers: Understanding the Mental Models and Techniques of Real Users
Summary
Starting out with a ten-minute live demo from an expert screen reader user, Samuel Proulx will introduce you to not only how they work, but the thought processes behind using the Internet with a screen reader. What are some of the most important things to take into account when attempting to construct a mental model of a screen reader user? How do these effect the way you think about designing for accessible, public use? How can civic designers learn to move beyond thinking visually, to create designs that work for everyone? After this introduction, the floor will open to your questions! If you have burning questions about how people who are blind use the Internet, or what design patterns work best and why or why not, this is your chance! Ask any question at all in an open, safe learning environment.
Key Insights
-
•
Using assistive technology like screen readers is a skill that requires significant training and practice.
-
•
Screen readers navigate web pages by jumping between semantic elements like headings rather than reading everything sequentially.
-
•
Default out-of-the-box settings for screen readers do not reflect the experience of expert users, who heavily customize them.
-
•
Hover-only interface elements are inaccessible to screen reader users who rely on keyboard navigation.
-
•
Visual states such as pressed buttons must be communicated through ARIA attributes or focus changes for screen reader users.
-
•
Dialogs and dynamic content must manage focus properly to notify screen reader users of changes.
-
•
Screen reader users rely on short, immediate alerts for form errors and can explore more detailed messages at their own pace.
-
•
Custom hotkeys for applications should be designed considering frequency of user interaction and the complexity of memorization.
-
•
Accessibility must be a shared responsibility, integrated across design, development, and content rather than siloed.
-
•
Screen reader users can customize voice profiles and settings, meaning one-size-fits-all accessibility assumptions are flawed.
Notable Quotes
"It is very difficult for somebody who has never used assistive technology to have the same experience as someone who uses it daily for everything."
"The experience of using a screen reader is probably 10 times faster as you become more expert with it."
"Screen readers navigate based on the code and semantics, not on visual layout or appearance."
"If something is only visible on hover, it either needs to be visible to screen readers at all times or have an alternative way to access it."
"When you press a button like an upvote, it’s the developer’s job to make sure the visual state is communicated via ARIA landmarks."
"Focus changes are critical to inform screen reader users when dialogs open or content changes."
"Errors in form fields should alert users immediately but also allow them to explore details at their own pace to avoid cognitive overload."
"If you’re designing a site used infrequently, don’t overload it with custom hotkeys that are hard to memorize."
"Accessibility is not just one person’s responsibility; it must be distributed through the whole product team."
"Screen reader users control how metadata or tooltip voices are played, it’s a personal setting, not dictated by web designers."
Or choose a question:
More Videos
"You can’t know a human honestly from the outside alone; you have to let their reality work on you."
Daniel GloydDesigning From the Inside Out: How Method Acting Can Inspire Design Research
February 12, 2026
"Recruiting for indigenous participants via Craigslist missed the unique role community ties play, so we regrouped and connected through community organizations."
Deirdre Hirschtritt Cesar Paredes Marie PerrotResearch is Only as Good as the Relationships You Build
November 17, 2022
"We were lost in the forest and you come across this compass, maybe all time rusty, but still something a little bit useful."
Benjamin RealMaturity Models: A Core Tool for Creating a DesignOps Strategy
October 1, 2021
"Sometimes you need to view your career like an investor, where you invest your time for the kind of impact you want."
Max Gadney Andrea Petrucci Joshua Stehr Hannah WickesAssessing UX jobs for impact in climate
August 14, 2024
"Seb is career UXer fresh at Canadian railways with a steep learning curve."
Lada GorlenkoTheme 1: Intro
January 8, 2024
"C-FRE stands for curiosity, freedom, reframing, exploration, and engagement—the soft qualities we tend to overlook in play."
Feyikemi AkinwolemiwaPlay to innovate: How curiosity and experimentation transform UX
March 11, 2026
"We are on our third and final day of Advancing Research 2023."
Bria AlexanderOpening Remarks
March 29, 2023
"Blurring user faces loses context and doesn’t address voice privacy, making it an inadequate solution."
Llewyn Paine[Demo] Deploying AI doppelgangers to de-identify user research recordings
June 5, 2024
"When teams are connected to real strategic missions and own their key results, OKRs become positive."
Bria Alexander Benson Low Natalya Pemberton Stephanie GoldthorpeOKRs—Helpful or Harmful?
January 20, 2022
