To Boldly Go: The New Frontiers of Accessibility
Summary
The metaverse, virtual reality, Web 3.0, distributed infrastructure, the Internet of Things, wearable computing, and AI: all these things are going to change the face of accessibility over the next 10 years. In this talk, Samuel Proulx, Fable’s Accessibility Evangelist, will give you an overview of what the current landscape looks like at the frontier of accessibility and assistive technology. Where’s the research taking us? What might be coming down the pipe?
Key Insights
-
•
Early accessibility technologies like the IBM 3767 Braille terminal were expensive and rare, limiting access to a few pioneering users like Sam’s father.
-
•
Hardware text-to-speech systems such as the Echo2 card on Apple II were foundational but costly and limited to command-line interfaces.
-
•
The transition from command-line to graphical user interfaces with Windows 95 introduced major accessibility challenges requiring new techniques for screen readers to interpret visual content.
-
•
Software text-to-speech synthesis replaced expensive hardware devices as PCs grew powerful, enabling more portable and accessible computing devices.
-
•
Assistive technology industry consolidation occurred due to the increasing complexity of accessibility needs post-GUI, exemplified by mergers forming companies like Freedom Scientific.
-
•
Apple’s introduction of built-in VoiceOver on iPhone 3GS marked a paradigm shift by integrating accessibility directly into the OS and developer APIs, eliminating dependence on third-party products.
-
•
Accessibility features initially designed for disabilities benefit all users, such as captions in noisy environments, dark mode, and voice dictation.
-
•
Gaming accessibility remains nascent, relying heavily on third-party modifications and reverse engineering, with little first-party API support.
-
•
Emerging technologies like VR/AR and AI pose novel accessibility challenges, demanding fresh approaches as traditional screen readers and magnification don’t translate directly.
-
•
Sam sees the next big accessibility breakthroughs coming from self-driving cars, neural inputs, and smart home innovations, emphasizing inclusivity across the full disability spectrum.
Notable Quotes
"Nothing about us without us."
"I don’t remember a time when there wasn’t a computer in the house talking at me."
"Accessibility was considered kind of an inspiring hack, an inspirational rarity."
"The GUI transition meant assistive tech had to track cursor, mouse, and graphical objects, making it far more complex."
"Apple unlocked so much innovation by including accessibility in the phone with VoiceOver built-in."
"Accessibility is not only important to preserve rights but leads directly to innovation."
"Accessibility needs are a spectrum, not binary."
"We still think of accessibility as a binary when it should be recognized as a continuum."
"Gaming accessibility is still considered an inspirational hack rather than a built-in feature."
"When we solve accessibility challenges, everyone benefits, not just people with disabilities."
Or choose a question:
More Videos
"Desktop screen readers can run at speeds up to 800 words per minute because users get used to synthetic speech."
Sam ProulxEverything You Ever Wanted to Know About Screen Readers
June 11, 2021
"Our dedicated scribe Shivangi is making sure all the notes are captured so you don't have to worry about it."
Bria AlexanderOpening Remarks
November 17, 2022
"You do not have to go publicly thank the employer who just laid you off. They’ll be fine without it."
Corey Nelson Amy SanteeLayoffs
November 15, 2022
"Edgy is like a Rosetta Stone for enterprises, expressing the same thing in languages designers, strategists, and architects use."
Milan GuentherA Shared Language for Co-Creating Ambitious Endeavours
June 6, 2023
"Without releasing control, democratizing research won’t scale. We have to empower people even if some things won’t be perfect."
Erin May Roberta Dombrowski Laura Oxenfeld Brooke HintonDistributed, Democratized, Decentralized: Finding a Research Model to Support Your Org
March 10, 2022
"When blind users choose between Android and iPhone, they weigh trade-offs between stability and customizability."
Sam ProulxUnderstanding Screen Readers on Mobile: How And Why to Learn from Native Users
June 6, 2023
"When clients join us in the field and experience research deeply, they often become advocates who come back for more."
Mujtaba HameedThe new horizon of ethnography: using AI to unlock the full potential of in-person research
March 11, 2026
"The internet as the self-regulating market is a failed experiment."
Ilana LipsettAnticipating Risk, Regulating Tech: A Playbook for Ethical Technology Governance
December 10, 2021
"Accessibility is innovation and the kinds of features people with disabilities need are incredible conveniences for the rest of us."
Samuel ProulxFrom Standards to Innovation: Why Inclusive Design Wins
September 10, 2025
